Japan's huge army of under-employed ex-housewives
There are plenty of smart,
educated women in Japan who could be driving the country out of its current
economic slump to a stunning pandemic recovery. But the country's rigid hiring
system - and male-dominated leadership - remain a huge hurdle, blocking women
from the best-paid jobs. The country risks becoming a nation of bored
housewives with university degrees, warn critics. Japan's own deadline to
significantly increase the number of women in leadership roles by 2020, quietly
came and went at the end of last year without even getting close to its target.
Known as "Womenomics" and announced with great fanfare, Shinzo Abe's
policy to create a "Japan in which women can shine" has largely
failed. And not just because of Covid-19. Today, there is just one woman for
every 10 men in parliament, while fewer than 15% of senior private sector roles
are held by women - half the original 2020 goal.
Former prime minister Mr. Abe
still claims the policy was a success: there are now more women than ever
working. But what kind of work are these highly-educated women doing? Critics
believe his policy had little to do with creating social change - allowing
women to flourish at work - and more to do with an acute need for workers.
Japan's working-age population has been rapidly shrinking since the 1990s. For
decades, about 60% of women quit paid work after their first child. A mother
looking after her kids full time - because her husband's income could support
the entire family - was traditionally seen as a privilege. But as the
Womenomics policy was brought in, mothers were already starting to return to
work as their family incomes dwindled. Just 42.1% quit in 2019, pushing up labor
market participation rates to 70.9% for women aged 15-64, rising to 77.7% in
the 25-44 age category, government figures show. To support this shift the
government launched campaigns to eliminate childcare waiting lists. It also
pressured large companies to have at least one female executive. But there were
no financial incentives or penalties for failing to take action. Consequently, many women are stuck in part-time or dead-end roles. On average, a Japanese
woman's income is over 40% lower than that of a man, says the World Economic
Forum.
Returning
to work
More than half of Japanese women
join the workforce with a university degree, almost the same number as men. But
once you leave a full-time job, it is nearly impossible to return to your
original career after a period of leave. "If you want to go back to work,
you'll have to look for a job at a supermarket - somewhere a student would get
a part-time job," says Yumiko Suzuki who works as a career consultant. Fifteen
years ago, Ms Suzuki also chose to ditch paid work and become a housewife - a
decision she didn't take lightly. Her story is fairly typical. After
university, she worked just as hard as her male colleagues - which meant
overtime, often missing the last train home, just to prove herself. But when
she met her husband, who worked at the same company, they realized that to have
a family one of them would have to give up their career. These days more
working mothers are given an option to work shorter or flexible hours,
something not available when she left in 2006. "Both of us were working
around the clock. We knew we couldn't start a family that way," she adds. But
after seven years as a stay-at-home mother raising two children, Ms Suzuki
tried to re-join the workforce. It was a shock when she realized her time at
home was seen as "a blank" on her *CV. She couldn't even get an
interview. In the end, she had to gain three professional certificates before
finally being offered a full-time job at a start-up. She now helps other women
restart their careers.
*CV: formal/UK: a
short written description of your education, qualifications, previous jobs, and
sometimes also your personal interests, that you send to an employer when you
are trying to get a job: résumé/US
1. What makes it difficult
for Japanese women to return to their jobs or rebuild
their careers after caring for their child or children? Write in three
sentences.
- Male-dominated leadership/culture
both in politics and business
=> Leaders tend not to respect or regard women
as men.
- Not enough childcare capacities
=> There aren’t enough childcare
facilities where women can leave their children while working.
- a blank on
their resumes
=> Applicants with a long un-working period may not be regarded
as competent as those who have continuously been working.
2. This year, the number of Japan’s newborn babies
is expected to fall below 800,000 (over one million in your generation). Do you
think companies should allow their employees to take longer maternity/paternity
leaves to raise their children so that they can get back to their jobs after a
few years of absence? Write your response in 4-5 sentences.